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Foreword
I. Old Tibet -- A Society of Feudal Serfdom under Theocracy
II. Momentous Democratic Reform in Tibet
III. Tremendous Historic Changes over the Past Half-century
Conclusion
Foreword
I. Climate Change and China's Situation
II. Impact of Climate Change on China
III. Strategies and Objectives for Addressing Climate Change
IV. Policies and Actions to Decelerate Climate Change
V. Policies and Actions to Adapt to Climate Change
VI. Enhancing Public Awareness in Addressing Climate Change
VII. Enhancing International Cooperation on Climate Change
VIII. Institution and Mechanism Building for Coping with Climate Change
Conclusion
White Paper: Fifty Years of Democratic Reform in Tibet
Protection and Development of Tibetan Culture
I. Overview of Drug Supply, Quality and Safety
II. Drug Safety Supervision System and Legal System
III. Policies and Measures Concerning Drug Safety Supervision
IV. Supervision of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Folk Medicine
V. International Exchanges and Cooperation in Drug Safety
Forward
I. Historical Course of Building a Socialist Country under the Rule of Law
II. Legislation and Legal System with Chinese Characteristics
III. Legal Systems of Respecting and Safeguarding Human Rights
IV. Legal Systems Regulating the Order of the Market Economy
V. Administration by Law and Building a Government under the Rule of Law
VI. Judicial System and Fair Administration of Justice
VII. Popularization and Education of the Law
VIII. International Exchange and Cooperation in Legal Construction
Conclusion
Appendix: List of Current Effective Laws of the People's Republic of China (229)
Preface
I. Current Situation of Energy Development
II. Strategy and Goals of Energy Development
III. All-round Promotion of Energy Conservation
IV. Improving the Energy Supply Capacity
V. Accelerating the Progress of Energy Technologies
VI. Coordinating Energy and Environment Development
VII. Deepening Energy System Reform
VIII. Strengthening International Cooperation in the Field of Energy
Conclusion
Preface
I. An Inevitable Choice in China's Social Development
II. A Basic Political System for China
III. Major Manifestations of Socialist Democracy
IV. Political Consultation in the Multi-party Cooperation System
V. Multi-party Cooperation System and Building of State Power
VI. Multi-party Cooperation System and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
VII. Multi-party Cooperation System and Modernization
Conclusion
Appendix. A Brief Introduction to China's Democratic Parties and Personages Without Party Affiliation
Appendix: Basic Facts About the 155 Ethnic Autonomous Areas
Foreword
Chapter I The Security Situation
Chapter II National Defense Policy
Chapter III Revolution in Military Affairs with Chinese Characteristics
Chapter IV Defense Expenditure and Defense Assets
Chapter V The Military Service System
Chapter VI National Defense Mobilization and Reserve Force Building
Chapter VII Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense
Chapter VIII The Armed Forces and the People
Chapter IX International Security Cooperation
Chapter X Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation
Appendix I Members of the CMC of the CPC
Appendix II Leaders of the Four Headquarters/Departments of the PLA
Appendix III Major Military Exchanges with Other Countries (2003-2004)
Appendix IV Participation in Security Consultations (2003-2004)
Appendix V Joint Exercises with Foreign Armed Forces (2003-2004)
Appendix VI Participation in UN Peacekeeping Operations
Appendix VII Major Military Regulations Promulgated Since 2003
Foreword
I. The Present Situation of Mineral Resources and Their Exploration and Exploitation
II. Targets and Principles for Mineral Resources Protection and Rational Utilization
III. Increasing the Domestic Capability of Mineral Resources Supply
IV. Widening the Opening of, and Cooperation in, Mineral Resources Exploration and Exploitation
V. Achieving the Coordinated Development of Mineral Resources Exploitation and Environmental Protection
VI. Improving the Management of Mineral Resources
Foreword
I. The Status Quo of the "Three Direct Links" Across the Straits and the Problems to Be Solved
II. Realization of the "Three Direct Links"
III. The Mainland's Basic Stand and Policies on the "Three Direct Links"
IV. Explanations on Some Questions Related to the "Three Direct Links"
Conclusion
Foreword
I. China's Basic Stand on Non-Proliferation
II. Actively Participating in International Non-Proliferation Efforts
III. Non-Proliferation Export Control System
IV. Concrete Measures for Non-Proliferation Export Control
V. Strictly Implementing the Laws and Regulations on Non-Proliferation Export Control
Conclusion
Foreword
Part One: Status and Role of the European Union
Part Two: China's EU Policy
Part Three: Strengthen China-EU Cooperation in All Fields
I. The Political Aspect
II. The Economic Aspect
III. The Education, Science-Technology, Culture, Health and other Aspects
IV. The Social, Judicial and Administrative Aspects
V. The Military Aspect
Foreword
I. The Security Situation
II. National Defense Policy
III. The Armed Forces
IV. National Defense Building
V. Armed Forces Building
VI. International Security Cooperation
VII. Arms Control and Disarmament
Appendix I Main Military Laws and Regulations Issued Since 2000
Appendix II Major Military Exchanges with Other Countries in 2001-2002
Appendix III Participation in Security Consultations in 2001-2002
Appendix IV Participation in UN Peace-keeping Operations
Appendix V Chinese Armed Forces’ Participation Since 2000 in Assisting Japan in Handling the Chemical Weapons Abandoned by Japan in China
Introduction
I. Aims and Principles
II. Present Situation
III. Future Development
IV. International Cooperation
Foreword
I. The Security Situation
II. National Defense Policy
III. National Defense Construction
IV. Armed Forces Building
V. International Security Cooperation
VI. Arms Control and Disarmament
Foreword
I. The International Security Situation
II. National Defense Policy
III. National Defense Construction
IV. International Security Cooperation
V. Arms Control and Disarmament
Foreword
I. Sustainable Marine Development Strategy
II. Rational Development and Utilization of Marine Resources
III. The Protection and Preservationof the Marine Environment
IV. The Development of Oceanographic Science, Technology and Education
V. The Implementation of ComprehensiveMarine Management
VI. International Cooperation in Maritime Affairs
I.Soaring Trade Between Chinaand the United States
II.Statistical Difference in Sino-USTrade Balance
III.Statistics Based on Rules of Origin CannotsAccurately Reflect the Situation of Sino-US Trade Balance
IV.US Export Control Against China-- a Major Obstacle for Bilateral Trade Balance
V.Sino-US Economic and Trade Co-operationShows Vast Vistas
Foreword
I. Promoting Peace and Developmentfor All Mankind
II. Military Personnel Reducedby One Million
III. Maintaining a Low Level ofDefence Spending
IV. Peaceful Uses for MilitaryIndustrial Technologies
V. Strict Control over the Transferof Sensitive Materials andMilitary Equipment
VI. Actively Promoting International Arms Control and Disarmament
Concluding Remarks
III. Judicial Guarantee for Human Rights
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III. Judicial Guarantee for Human Rights
I. People's Rights to Subsistence and Development
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II. Civil and Political Rights
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Concluding Remarks
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.Concluding Remarks
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Conclusion
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IV. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
II. Civil and Political Rights
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Conclusion
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VI. Equal Rights and Special Protection for Ethnic Minorities
III. Judicial Guarantee for Human Rights
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Conclusion
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V. Equal Rights and Special Protection for Ethnic Minorities
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Conclusion
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Foreword
X. Active Participation in International Human Rights Activities
IX. Guarantee of Human Rights For the Disabled
VIII. Family Planning and Protection Of Human Rights
VII. Guarantee of the Rights of The Minority Nationality
VI. Citizens Enjoy Freedom Of Religious Belief
V. Guarantee of the Right to Work
IV. Guarantee of Human Rights In China's Judicial Work
III. Citizens Enjoy Economic, Cultural and Social Rights
II. The Chinese People Have Gained Extensive Political Rights
I. The Right to Subsistence--The Foremost Human Right The Chinese People Long Fight for
VIII. Employment, Resettlement, Education and Protection for Convicts Who Have Served Their Term and Been Released
VII. Carrying out the Punishment of Criminals
VI. Humane Handling of Prisoners in Accordance with the Law
V. Changing Criminals through Methods of Persuasion
IV. Legal, Moral, Cultural and Technical Education of Criminals
III. Reform of Criminals through Labour
II. Guaranteeing the Rights of Criminals
I. China's Basic Principles of Criminal Reform
Part Two XII. Special State Aid for Tibet's Development
Part Two XI. Protection of Living Environment
Part Two X. People's Health and Demographic Growth
Part Two IX. Development of Education and Culture
Part Two VIII. Freedom of Religious Belief
Part Two VII. Economic Development and Improvement of Living Standards
Part Two VI. The People Enjoy Political Rights
Part Two V. The People Gain Personal Freedom
Part Two IV. Feudal Serfdom in Old Tibet
Part One III. The Dalai Clique's Separatist Activities and the Central Government's Policy
Part One II. Origins of So-Called 'Tibetan Independence'
Part One I. Ownership of Tibet
V. Several Questions Involving Taiwan in International Relations
IV. Relations Across Taiwan Straits: Evolution and Stumbling Blocks
III. The Chinese Government's Basic Position Regarding Settlement of the Taiwan Question
II. Origin of the Taiwan Question
I. Taiwan -- An Inalienable Part of China
Chapter VIII Active Participation in International Women's Activities
Chapter VII Organizational Guarantees of the Rights and Interests of Chinese Women
Chapter VI Equal Status in Marriage and Family Life
Chapter V Full Advance in Society
Chapter IV Extensive Participation in Administration Of State and Social Affairs
Chapter III Equal Rights and Important Role In Economic Sphere
Chapter II Equal Legal Status
Chapter I Historic Liberation of Chinese Women
III. China Has a Complete Law Enforcement System for Intellectual Property Protection
II. China Has a High-Grade Legal System for Intellectual Property Protection
I. China's Basic Position Regarding the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
VII. The Correct Choice for Human Rights Protection
VI. Optimization Through Reform and Development
V. Satisfying the Reproductive Health Needs of People of Child-bearing Age
IV. Bringing the People to a Common Level of Understanding
III. Combination of State Guidance with Voluntary Participation by the Masses
II. A Social Undertaking That Benefits the People
I. A Strategic Policy That Suits National Conditions
X. Working Hard to Promote the Healthy Development of International Huma Rights Activities
IX. Developing the Study of Human Rights and Popularizing the Knowledge of Human Rights
VIII. Guarantee of the Rights and Interests of the Disabled
VII. Guarantee of Rights and Interests of Ethnic Minorities
VI. Protecting the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Women and Children
V. The Right of Citizens to Education
IV. The Right to Work of Citizens and the Rights and Interests of Worker.
III. Judicial Work in Safeguarding Human Rights
I. People's Right to Existence and Development
V. China's Welfare Homes for Children
IV. Protection of Disabled Children
III. Education for Children
II. Children's Health and Care
I. Guarantee of Children's Rights and Interests
VII. Taking Vigorous Action to Promote International Cooperation in Environmental Protection
VI. Environmental Science and Technology, and Environmental Publicity and Education
V. Protection of the Ecological Environment and Biodiversity
IV. Territorial Control and Rural Environmental Protection
III. The Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution and the Comprehensive Improvement of the Urban Environment
II. Improving the Legal and Administrative Systems Step by Step
I. The Choice of Implementing a Sustainable Development Strategy
VII. Deepening Structural Reform and Creating a Favorable Policy Environment for Grain Production and Circulation
VI. Comprehensively Developing, Utilizing and Protecting Land Resources for the Sustainable Development of Agriculture
V. Developing Agriculture by Relying on Science, Technology and Education and Changing the Grain Increase Method
IV. Striving to Improve Production Conditions to Increase the Comprehensive Grain Production Ability
III. China Can Basically Achieve Self-Sufficiency in Grain Through Self-Reliance
II. Prospects for China's Consumption Demand for Grain
I. New China Has Solved the Problem of Feeding Its People
The Grain Issue in China
VII. Guarantee of the Rights of Ethnic Minorities
VI. Legitimate Rights and Interests of Women and Children
V. Citizens' Rights to Receive Education
IV. Protection of Workers' Rights
II. Citizens' Democratic Rights
V. Protection of the Right to Freedom of Religious Belief for Ethnic Minorities
IV. Support for Independence and Initiative in Management of Religious Affairs
III. Judicial and Administrative Guarantees and Supervision of the Freedom of Religious Belief
II. Legal Protection of the Freedom of Religious Belief
I. The Present Conditions of Religion in China
Concluding Remarks
IV. The Right to Freedom of Religious Belief
III. The People Enjoy the Rights to Education,Culture and Health Protection
II. Economic Development and the People's Rights to Existence and Development
I. Ethnic Regional Autonomy System and the People's Political Rights
VII. Foreign Exchange and Co - operation in the Field of Human Rights
VI. Protection of the Rights of Ethnic Groups
V. Legitimate Rights and Interests of Women and Children
IV. Citizens' Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
II. Guarantee of Citizens' Political Rights
I.People's Rights to Subsistence and development
Notes:
V. Preservation and Development of the Cultures of Ethnic Minorities
IV. Promoting the Common Development of All Ethnic Groups
III. Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities
II. Adherence to Equality and Unity Among Ethnic Groups
I. A United Multi-Ethnic Country
VI. The Cross-Century Development Prospects for Human Rights in China
IV. Protection of the Rights of Women and Children
III. Civil Rights and Political Rights of Citizens Effectively Safeguarded
II. Great Improvement in the Rights to Subsistence and Development, and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
I. A Historic Turning Point in the Progress of Human Rights in China
VII. The News and Publishing, Broadcasting, Film and Television Industries Are Developing Rapidly
VI. Popular Education Makes a Historic Leap
V. Tibetan Studies Are Flourishing, and Tibetan Medicine and Pharmacology Have Taken On a New Lease of Life
IV. Culture and Art Are Being Inherited and Developed in an All-Round Way
III.Folk Customs and Freedom of Religious Belief Are Respected and Protected
II.Cultural Relics and Ancient Books and Records Are Well Preserved and Utilized
I.The Spoken and Written Tibetan Language Is Widely Studied and Used, and Being Developed
Note
VII. Developing International Cooperation in Drug Control
VI. Raising the Consciousness of the Entire People Against Drugs
V. Treatment and Rehabilitation
IV. Exercising Strict Control over the Precursor Chemicals
III. Cracking Down on Drug-related Crimes
II. Constantly Strengthening Drug Control Legislation
I.Sticking to the Position of Strict Drug Control
IV. Guarantee Measures
III. Plan of Action
II. Targets and Principles
I Current Situation and Prospect
VII. Actively Carrying Out International Exchanges and Cooperation in the Realm of Human Rights
V. Protection of Women and Children's Rights
IV. The Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of Citizens
II. The Guarantee of Citizens' Political Rights
I. The Improvement of the People's Rights to Subsistence and Development
V.The Aid-the-Rural-Poor Program in the Early Period of the 21st Century
IV.The Aid-the-Poor Program for the Special Groups Among the Impoverished
III.Major Contents and Channels of the Aid-the-Poor Program
II.Policy Guarantee for the Aid-the-Poor Program
I.The Course and Achievements of the Aid-the-Poor Program
III. The Historical Inevitability of Tibet's Modernization
II. Tibet's Modernization Achievements
I. The Rapid Social Development in Tibet
IV. Development in the Early Period of the 21st Century
III. The Establishment of a Social Security System
II. Formation of New Labor Relations
I.Overall Stability in Employment Situation
V. The Strategic Choice for Sustainable Development
IV. Building an Ecology-Friendly Railway Line -- the Qinghai-Tibet Railway
III. Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection amid Economic Development
II. Ecological Improvement and Biodiversity Protection
I. Progress of the Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection Work in Tibet
III. Human Rights in Name, Hegemonism In Reality
II. Confusing Right and Wrong and Calling Protection An "Abuse" of Human Rights
I. Distorting Facts to Deceive the World Public Opinion
VI. Improving the Management of Mineral Resources
V. Achieving the Coordinated Development of Mineral Resources Exploitation and Environmental Protection
IV. Widening the Opening of, and Cooperation in, Mineral Resources Exploration and Exploitation
III. Increasing the Domestic Capability of Mineral Resources Supply
II. Targets and Principles for Mineral Resources Protection and Rational Utilization
I. The Present Situation of Mineral Resources and Exploration and Exploitation of the Resources
VIII. International Exchanges and Cooperation in Human Rights
VII. The Rights and Interests of the Disabled
VI. Equal Rights and Special Protection for Ethnic Minorities
V. The Rights and Interests of Women and Children
III.Judicial Guarantee for Human Rights
I. The People's Rights to Subsistence and Development
VI. Employment Prospects for the Early Part of the 21st Century
V. Employment of Women, Youth and Disabled People
IV. Employment of Rural Workforce
III. Improving the Quality of the Workforce
II. Proactive Employment Policy
I. Basic Employment Situation
V. Regional Ethnic Autonomy Is the Fundamental Guarantee for Tibetan People As Masters of Their Own Affairs
IV. The Tibetan People Have the Freedom to Inherit and Develop Their Traditional Culture and to Practice Their Religious Belief
III. The Tibetan People Have Full Decision-making Power in Economic and Social Development
II. The Tibetan People Enjoy Full Political Right of Autonomy
I. The Establishment and Development of Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet
X. Social Security in Rural Areas
IX. Housing Security
VIII. Social Relief
VII. Special Care and Placement
VI. Social Welfare
V. Maternity Insurance
IV. Insurance for Work-related Injuries
III. Medical Insurance
II. Unemployment Insurance
I. Old-age Insurance
X. Arms Control, Disarmament and Non- Proliferation
IX. International Security Cooperation
VIII.The Armed Forces and the People
VII. Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense
VI. National Defense Mobilization and Reserve Force Building
V. The Military Service System
IV. Defense Expenditure and Defense Assets
III. Revolution in Military Affairs with Chinese Characteristics
II. National Defense Policy
I. The Security Situation
V. Historical Development of Various Undertakings in Ethnic Autonomous Areas
IV. The Central Government's Support and Assistance for Ethnic Autonomous Areas
III. The Right of Self-Government of Ethnic Autonomous Areas
II. The Political Status of Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities and the Establishment of Ethnic Autonomous Areas
I. A Unified Multi-Ethnic State, and Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities
VII. International Exchanges and Cooperation in the Field of Human Rights
VI. The Rights and Interests of the Disabled
V. Equal Rights and Special Protection for Ethnic Minorities
IV. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
III. Judicial Guarantee for Human Rights
II. Civil and Political Rights
I. People's Rights to Subsistence and Development
IX. Judicial Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
VIII. Public Security Organs Act on Criminal Infringement on Intellectual Property Rights
VII. Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
VI. Protection of New Varieties of Agricultural and Forestry Plants
V. Intellectual Property Rights Protection for Audio and Video Products
IV. Copyright Protection
III. Trademark Protection
II. Patent Protection
I. Basic Situation of the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
IX. Legal Guarantees of Women's Rights and Interests
VIII. Women and the Environment
VII. Women, Marriage and the Family
VI. Women and Health
V. Women and Education
IV. Women's Participation in Decision Making and Management
III. Women and Poverty Elimination
II. Women and the Economy
I. State Mechanism to Promote Gender Equality and Development of Women
Annex III: Agreements on Disarmament and Confidence-Building Measures Between China and Relevant Countries
Annex II: Laws and Regulations of China on Non-Proliferation Export Control
Annex I: List of Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Treaties That China Has Joined
VI. Tightening Non-Proliferation Export Control
V. Actively Participating in International Non-Proliferation Efforts
IV. Committed to National and Regional Disarmament
III. Participating in and Promoting International Arms Control and Disarmament Process
II. China's Basic Policy and Position
I. International Security and Arms Control Situation
X. Judicial Democracy
IX. Government Democracy
VIII. The Democratic Rule by the Communist Party of China
VII. Respecting and Safeguarding Human Rights
VI. Grassroots Democracy in Urban and Rural Areas
V. The System of Ethnic Regional Autonomy
IV. The System of Multi-Party Cooperation and Political Consultation Under the Leadership of the CPC
III. The People's Congress System
II. The CPC Led the People to Become Masters of the State
I. A Choice Suited to China's Conditions
V. Building a Harmonious World of Sustained Peace and Common Prosperity
IV. Seeking Mutual Benefit and Common Development with Other Countries
III. Developing by Relying on Its Own Strength, Reform and Innovation
II. Promoting World Peace and Development with China's Own Growth
I. Peaceful Development Is the Inevitable Way for China's Modernization
X. International Cooperation in Environmental Protection
IX. Environmental Science and Technology, Industry and Public Participation
VIII. Environmental Impact Assessment
VII. Economic Policy and Investment Concerning the Environment
VI. Ecological Protection and Construction
V. Protection of the Rural Environment
IV. Protection of the Urban Environment
III. Pollution Control in Key Regions
II. Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution
I. Environmental Protection Legislation and System
VII. Safeguarding Elderly People's Legitimate Rights and Interests
VI. Participation in Social Development
V. Cultural Education for the Aged
IV. Social Services for an Ageing Society
III. Health and Medical Care for the Aged
II. Old-age Security System
I. State Mechanism of Undertakings for the Aged
Foreword
X. State Support for the Development of Xinjiang
IX. Establishment, Development and Role of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
VIII. Upholding Equality and Unity Among Ethnic Groups, and Freedom of Religious Belief
VII. The People's Living Standard and Quality of Life Have Been Enhanced
VI. Progress in Education, Science and Technology, Culture and Health Work
V. The Economic Development of Xinjiang After the Founding of New China
IV. Origin of the "East Turkistan" Issue
III. The Administration of Xinjiang by the Successive Central Governments
II. Diverse Religions Coexist and Spread in Xinjiang
I. Xinjiang Has Been a Multi-ethnic Region Since Ancient Times
Conclusion
V. International Exchanges and Cooperation Regarding Food Safety
IV. Law Regime and Technological Guarantee System for Food Safety
III. Supervision of Imported and Exported Food
II. Food Safety Regulatory System and Work
I. Food Production and Food Quality
Preface

V. Policies and Actions to Adapt to Climate Change

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China actively applies policies and take actions to adapt to climate change in natural ecological systems such as agriculture, forestry and water resources, as well as ecologically fragile areas like coastal zones and regions, and has achieved positive effects.

Agriculture

The state has made great efforts to establish and improve a law regime for agriculture to adapt to climate change, including the Agriculture Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Law on Land Management, Regulations of Responses to Major Emergent Animal Epidemics, and Regulations on Grassland Fire Prevention. The state has strengthened construction of agricultural infrastructure and capital construction of farmland water conservancy, enlarged irrigation areas, improved farm-land irrigation and drainage efficiency and capability, and promoted dry farming and water-saving technologies, making agriculture better able to deter and mitigate natural disasters and increasing overall agricultural productivity. Through the "Seed Project," China is cultivating stress-resistant varieties of seeds with high yield potential, high quality and specific abilities of resistance to drought, water logging, high temperature, diseases and pests.

China will further extend superior strains of livestock to larger areas and increase the acreage sown with such strains; enhance the prevention and control of major animal epidemic diseases, establish and improve the monitoring and early-warning systems and enhance capability in this regard; protect and improve the grassland ecosystem through turning grazing area back to grassland, constructing meadow enclosures, artificial grasslands and grassland fire-prevention facilities; and launch activities for aquatic life conservation and protect aquatic life resources and the aquatic eco-environment.

Forests and Other Natural Ecosystems

For years, China has made great efforts to protect forests and other natural ecosystems by formulating and enforcing relevant laws and regulations, such as the Forest Law, Law on the Protection of Wildlife, Law on Water and Soil Conservation, Law on Prevention and Control of Desertification, Regulations on Conversion of Farmland to Forests, Forest Fire Prevention Regulations, and Regulations on Forest Diseases and Insect Pest Prevention and Control. The state is now working hard to draw up laws and regulations on the protection of nature re-serves, wetlands and natural forests, and pushing forward the all-round implementation of a national program of eco-environment development and protection.

China will further strengthen the protection and management of forest land, forests and wildlife resources, continue projects for the protection of forests, conversion of cropland to forest and grassland, wildlife conservation and nature reserve development and wetland protection, so as to push forward the sustainable development and management of forests, and intensify efforts in ecological water and soil conservation. The government has established a comprehensive monitoring system for forest resources and ecosystem conditions; improved a forest fire, pest and disease evaluating system and an emergency-response system, as well as the training of professionals in this field; carried out a nationwide medium- and long-term program for the prevention of forest fires, pests and diseases, enhanced the protection of endangered species and their habitat ecosystems; and restored the functions of eco-fragile areas and ecosystems.

Water Resources

China has worked out and enforced laws and regulations in this regard, including the Water Law, Flood Control Law, and Regulations on River Administration. It has formulated and completed the program of flood control on major rivers and other water-conservancy programs, and has set up an elementary law regime and a program on water conservancy commensurate with China's conditions, and established an elementary flood-control and disaster-alleviation system for major rivers and a water-resource allocation and protection system. Meanwhile, great efforts have been made to control soil erosion. By the end of 2007, China had made efforts to bring soil and water erosion under control over an area of one million sq km, thus effectively protected the soil and water resources and improved its eco-environment.

China will accelerate the pace of formulating nationwide comprehensive plans for water resources and river basins, drawing up a water allocation plan for major rivers, speeding up the construction of the south-to-north water-diversion and other water-diversion projects, so as to optimize the water resource allocation pattern, and increase the water supply capability for drought emergencies. Efforts are being made to enhance unified water resources management and allocation, and establish national water-right distribution and transfer systems as well as a water resources conservation and protection system. The state will strengthen the construction of projects to control floods on major rivers as well as a system to control floods caused by mountain torrents, thus basically establishing a flood-control and disaster-alleviation sys-tem mainly formed by reservoirs, river channels, dykes and a mountain flood-control system. Further efforts are being made to improve the national commanding system in control and prevention of floods and droughts, establish a flood-risk management system, so as to enhance the country's capability in controlling floods and droughts. In river basins with serious ecological deterioration, China will set the cap on extraction of groundwater, strictly control excessive extraction of groundwater and adopt active measures to rehabilitate and protect water resources. Research will be strengthened into the impact of climate change over China's water resources and into the mechanisms of water conversion between atmospheric water, surface water, soil water and groundwater as well as related technologies for optimizing water-resource configuration. China is also strengthening study, development and popularization of technologies relating to reuse of wastewater and desalinization of seawater.

Coastal Zones and Coastal Regions

In accordance with the Marine Environment Protection Law, Law on the Use and Administration of Sea Areas, General System Development Plan for the Air-Sea Interaction, among others, China has worked out the objects and contents of a system to deal with climate change in marine areas, established a decision-making mechanism and a coordination mechanism of comprehensive management, thereby striving to slow down and adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. Work is also done to increase the capability of the coastal zones and coastal regions to adapt to climate change. Through investigations and re-searches, China has strengthened study on air-sea interaction to deepen the understanding of air-sea interaction, and has initially formed an all-dimensional observation network pertaining to the marine environment, thus improving its capability to control and prevent marine disasters.

The country will further improve its all-round capability to control and prevent marine disasters in coastal regions through establishing and further improving an emergency response system for marine disasters. It will set up observation and service networks to analyze, evaluate and forecast climate change in coastal areas, establish a system to monitor, forecast, analyze and evaluate sea level change and do a better job in this regard, and improve the capability of the marine ecosystem and coastal region ecosystem to cope with and adapt to climate change. The state is promoting R&D of technologies for marine ecosystem protection and restoration, popularizing the research results, reinforcing the construction and management of marine reserves, carrying out restoration work in coastal wetlands and marine eco-environment, set-ting up demonstration areas with typical marine ecosystems, and building coastal protection forest belts with every effort. China will enhance the management of coastal zones, raise protection standards of coastal cities and major engineering projects, prevent excessive exploitation of groundwater and take measures against land subsidence in coastal areas. As one of such steps, fresh water will be taken from rivers or reservoirs to dilute brackish water and deter seawater intrusion in estuaries.

Other Fields

China has enhanced its capability of monitoring and issuing early warning over extreme climate events, and basically established mechanisms to deal with extreme meteorological emergencies, including their derivative and secondary effects. Great progress has been made in countering the effects of extreme climate phenomena like typhoons, regional intense thunderstorms and floods, and a comprehensive monitoring system for climate and climate change has taken initial shape.

To counter the expansion of epidemic-infected area caused by climate change, the state will further build up its monitoring and control net-work, and establish a health-guarantee system. The government has worked out a city flood control and water drainage plan, and raised the design standards for city flood control projects. In the design, construction and operation of major projects, the factor of climate change has been taken into full consideration, and new standards have been established for adaptation to future climate change.